Nomada
Nomadic Cuckoo Bees
In Minnesota, there are thirty-seven described species within the genus Nomada. Nomada are cleptoparasites (cuckoo bees) of ground-nesting bees. Most species in Minnesota parasitize Andrena nests; three species are known to parasitize Agapostemon nests. The phenology of cleptoparasitic bees must overlap with their host(s). In Minnesota, the majority of Andrena species are active in spring, a handful in summer, and a minority in fall. This pheonogical pattern is nearly identical for Nomada. These cleptoparasitic bees are medium size and range in length from 4 to 16 mm (0.15 to 0.6 inches). Nomada are wasp-like, relatively hairless, and females lack pollen-collecting structures. The spring- and early summer-active species typically have a maroon integument with white or yellow markings; the late summer/fall-active species typically have a black integument with white or yellow markings.
Like other cleptoparasites of ground-nesting bees, Nomada females monitor the host's nest by perching on leaf litter, vegetation, or an object on the ground such as a log. When the host leaves the nest, the Nomada female enters the nest and lays an egg in a partially or fully provisioned brood cell.
Nomada female visiting Salix discolor (pussy willow).
wing position
on flowers
37
NO. SPECIES
IN MN
size range
Phenology
Genus Characteristics
Marginal
cell
1
3
2
Three forewing submarginal cells. The 1st cell is the size of the 2nd and 3rd cell combined. Marginal cell with pointed tip.
Maroon or black integument with white or yellow markings on the thorax and abdomen. Sparse white hairs.
Rear face of thorax sloped at 45° angle. Compound eye set back from mandible or mandible and compound eye misaligned.
Long glossa (tongue).
Female lacks pollen-collecting (scopal) hairs, and the last abdominal segment (T6) is broad.
Relatively hairless, wasp-like appearance.
Andrena nest
Behavior
A female perches on leaf litter just above an Andrena nest. She monitors the nest and waits for the host to leave before entering the nest.
Distribution
Nomada aquilarum
Nomada articulata
Nomada australis
Nomada banksi
Nomada bella
Nomada besseyi
Nomada bethunei
Nomada cressonii
Nomada cuneata
Nomada denticulata
Nomada depressa
Nomada erigeronis
Nomada fervida
Nomada fuscicincta
Nomada gracilis
Nomada graenicheri
Nomada illinoensis
Nomada imbricata
Nomada integerrima
Nomada lehighensis
Nomada lepida
Nomada louisianae
Nomada luteoloides
Nomada maculata
Nomada obliterata
Nomada ovata
Nomada perplexa
Nomada pygmaea
Nomada rubi
Nomada rubicunda
Nomada sayi
Nomada superba
Nomada tiftonensis
Nomada vegana
Nomada vicina
Nomada vincta
Nomada xanthura
Portman et al (2023)
Additional Record
Nomada Species in Minnesota
Scientific Name | Host |
|---|---|
Nomada aquilarum | Andrena (Cnemidandrena)? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada articulata | Agapostemon (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada australis | Agapostemon splendens? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada banksi | Andrena asteris (Espinoza et al. 2023) |
Nomada bella | |
Nomada besseyi | |
Nomada bethunei | |
Nomada cressonii | Andrena (Melandrena, Plastandrena) (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada cuneata | Andrena vicina (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada denticulata | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada depressa | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada erigeronis | |
Nomada fervida | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada fuscicincta | |
Nomada gracilis | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada graenicheri | |
Nomada illinoensis | |
Nomada imbricata | Andrena (Melandrena) (Gibbs 2023), Andrena vicina and Halictus parallelus (Alexander 1991), Andrena regularis (Schrader & LaBerge 1978), Andrena dunningi (Hall & Ascher 2011) |
Nomada integerrima | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada lehighensis | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada lepida | |
Nomada louisianae | |
Nomada luteoloides | Andrena (Melandrena) (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada maculata | Andrena (Melandrena) (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada obliterata | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada ovata | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada perplexa | |
Nomada pygmaea | |
Nomada rubi | |
Nomada rubicunda | Agapostemon splendens (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada sayi | |
Nomada superba | |
Nomada tiftonensis | |
Nomada vegana | |
Nomada vicina | Andrena? (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada vincta | Andrena helianthi (Gibbs 2023) |
Nomada xanthura |
Host Information: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Bee Species List (August 2023).
https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/mcbs/mn-statewide-bee-list.pdf
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Citations and Further Reading
Alexander, B. (1991). Nomada phylogeny reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of Natural History, 25(2), 315-330.
Droege, S., Shumar, S., & Maffei, C. (2024). The Very Handy Bee Manual (2.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12812755
Espinoza, A. C., Urban-Mead, K. R., Buckner, M. A., Flórez-Gómez, N., Kueneman, J. G., & Danforth, B. N. (2023). Biology of Andrena (Callandrena Sensu Lato) Asteris Robertson (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), an Eastern Aster Specialist that Makes a Very Deep Nest. Northeastern Naturalist, 29(4), 474-491.
Gibbs, J., Hanuschuk, E., Miller, R., Dubois, M., Martini, M., Robinson, S., ... & Onuferko, T. M. (2023). A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 155, e3.
Hall, H. G., & Ascher, J. S. (2011). Surveys of wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in organic farms of Alachua County in north-central Florida. Florida Entomologist, 9, 539-552.
Mitchell, T. B. (1960). Bees of the eastern United States. Technical Bulletin No. 141. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.
Odanaka, K. A. (2024). The Evolutionary History of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genus Nomada With an Emphasis on the Species of Eastern North America. PhD Dissertation.
Portman, Z. M., Gardner, J., Lane, I. G., Gerjets, N., Petersen, J. D., Ascher, J. S., ... & Cariveau, D. P. (2023). A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Minnesota. Zootaxa, 5304(1), 1-95.
Wilson, J. S., & Messinger Carril, O. J. (2016). The bees in your backyard: a guide to North America's bees. Princeton University Press.
Page Photography Credits
Heather Holm
Steve Mlodinow CC BY-NC 4.0 (Brachymelecta)
Michelle Orcutt CC-BY-NC 4.0​ (Epimelissodes female)