Bombus affinis
Rusty-patched Bumble Bee
In 2019, the rusty patched bumble bee became Minnesota's state bee. Once common throughout the eastern United States and Midwest, its historic range has substantially contracted and now occurs in a small fraction of its former range. After The Xerces Society petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the species for protection under the Endangered Species Act, the Service formally listed the bee as federally endangered in January, 2017. To date, scattered rusty patched bumble bee populations still persist in Minnesota.
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Bombus affinis is a short-tongued bumble bee species. Queens have a different coloration pattern than workers and males: Queens lack bright orange hairs on the base of the second tergite (T2) and have a distinct black dot on the top of the thorax. Workers have an upside-down T-shaped black marking on the thorax; males a broad black band between the wing bases. Queens, wokers and males have yellow hairs on the first and second tergites (T1 and T2) and the remaining tergites have black hairs. Males have scattered yellow hairs on the vertex (back of the head or "neck") and dark hairs on the face; queens and workers have dark hairs on the vertex and face. All castes have dark brown wings.

male
Species Characteristics

queen
Black dot on top of thorax
Black hair on face
Yellow hairs on T1-T2
Black hair on T3-T6
Corbicula
present
Wings
dark
brown
Black hair on edge of abdomen

queen

Black hair
on face
Corbicula
present
Orange hair on base of T2 edged with yellow hair
Yellow hair on T1-T2
worker
Black hair
on vertex
Black "T" on thorax
Black hair on T3-T6

worker

Black hair
on face
Corbicula
absent
Orange hair on base on T2 edged with yellow hair
Yellow hair on T1
male
Yellow hair
on vertex
Black band
between wing bases
Black hair on T3-T7

male

male

male

queen

male

male

gyne

worker

male

gyne

worker

gyne

queen

worker

gyne

worker

male
Plant
Associations
Bombus affinis is a short-tongued bumble bee species. Males and workers rob nectar by chewing a hole, providing an entry point for their tongue, at the base of a long flower corolla. Monarda fistulosa is a plant frequented by males and workers and one that this bumble bee robs nectar from.

Monarda fistulosa
(wild bergamot)

Veronicastrum virginicum
(Culver's root)

Eutrochium purpureum
(sweet Joe Pye weed)

Hydrophyllum virginianum
(Virginia waterleaf)

Asclepias incarnata
(swamp milkweed)

Vaccinium
(blueberry)

Allium cernuum
(nodding onion)

Asclepias tuberosa
(butterfly milkweed)

Campanulastrum americanum
(tall bellflower)

Silphium perfoliatum
(cupplant)

Cirsium discolor
(pasture thistle)

Agastache foeniculum
(anise hyssop)

Eupatorium perfoliatum
(common boneset)

Pycnanthemum virginianum
(Virginia mountainmint)

Verbena
(vervains)

Thalictrum dasycarpum
(tall meadowrue)

Symphyotrichum, Eurybia
(asters)

Diervilla lonicera
(bush honeysuckle)

Liatris aspera
(rough blazing star)

Helenium autumnale
(sneezeweed)

Monarda punctata
(dotted horsemint)

Lobelia siphilitica
(blue lobelia)

Solidago
(goldenrods)

Physostegia virginiana
(obedient plant)

Chamaecrista fasciculata
(partidge pea)

Penstemon gracilis
(slender beardtongue)

Dalea villosa
(silky prairie clover)

Anaphalis maragitacea
(pearly everlasting)
Bombus Species in Minnesota
Scientific Name | Host | Sociality | Nest |
|---|---|---|---|
Bombus affinis | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus ashtoni (B. bohemicus) | Bombus (Gibbs 2023) - SH rank: possibly extirpated from state | parasitic | |
Bombus auricomus | eusocial | aboveground | |
Bombus bimaculatus | eusocial | below- and aboveground | |
Bombus borealis | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus citrinus | Bombus bimaculatus, B. impatiens, B. vagans (Gibbs 2023) | parasitic | |
Bombus fervidus | eusocial | aboveground | |
Bombus flavidus (B. fernalde) | Bombus | parasitic | |
Bombus fraternus | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus frigidus | eusocial | ||
Bombus griseocollis | eusocial | below- and aboveground | |
Bombus huntii | eusocial | ||
Bombus impatiens | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus insularis | Bombus ternarius (Williams et al. 2014) | parasitic | |
Bombus melanopygus | eusocial | ||
Bombus nevadensis | eusocial | ||
Bombus pensylvanicus | eusocial | aboveground | |
Bombus perplexus | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus rufocinctus | eusocial | aboveground | |
Bombus sandersoni | eusocial | ||
Bombus suckleyi | Bombus - SX rank: presumed extirpated from state | parasitic | |
Bombus ternarius | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus terricola | eusocial | belowground | |
Bombus vagans | eusocial | below- and aboveground | |
Bombus variabilis | B. pensylvanicus. B. variabilis rank SX: presumed extirpated from state | parasitic |
Source: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Bee Species List (August 2023).
https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/mcbs/mn-statewide-bee-list.pdf
Distribution

Bombus affinis

Bombus ashtoni (bohemicus)

Bombus auricomus



Bombus bimaculatus









Bombus Annual Nest Cycle

Gynes emerge from hibernation.
Workers emerge from nest and collect pollen and nectar.
Gynes establish nest and collect pollen and nectar from flowers.
Gynes search for a nest site.
Males begin emerging.
Some males
establish
territories.
New gynes emerge from nest and visit flowers to sequester fat.
New gynes mate
with a male.
New gynes excavate a
shallow hibernation burrow.
NEST ESTABLISHED
NEST ENDS
Males, workers, and queen perish.
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Citations and Further Reading
Droege, S., Shumar, S., & Maffei, C. (2024). The Very Handy Bee Manual (2.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12812755
Gibbs, J., Hanuschuk, E., Miller, R., Dubois, M., Martini, M., Robinson, S., ... & Onuferko, T. M. (2023). A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 155, e3.
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Mitchell, T. B. (1960). Bees of the eastern United States. Technical Bulletin No. 141. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.
Portman, Z. M., Gardner, J., Lane, I. G., Gerjets, N., Petersen, J. D., Ascher, J. S., ... & Cariveau, D. P. (2023). A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Minnesota. Zootaxa, 5304(1), 1-95.
Williams, P. H., Thorp, R. W., Richardson, L. L., & Colla, S. R. (2014). Bumble bees of North America: an identification guide. Princeton University Press
Wilson, J. S., & Messinger Carril, O. J. (2016). The bees in your backyard: a guide to North America's bees. Princeton University Press.
Page Photography Credits
Heather Holm
Steve Mlodinow CC BY-NC 4.0 (Brachymelecta)
Michelle Orcutt CC-BY-NC 4.0 (Epimelissodes female)
Page Illustration Credits
Elaine Evans, Xerces Society - bumble bee illustrations

























































